What Is High Cholesterol? Causes, Risks, and How to Lower It

By:

Apex Hospitals Doctor

Apex Hospitals

05-10-2024

Apex hospital Blogs

    Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance formed by the liver. It is found in every body cell and is essential for building healthy cells. It is critical in forming cell membranes, certain hormones, vitamin D, and digestive bile acids. While your body naturally produces cholesterol, it is absorbed from your food. However, too much cholesterol, particularly "bad" cholesterol, can lead to serious health risks like heart disease.

    Cholesterol travels through the bloodstream in particles called lipoproteins, which are made of fat and protein. Two primary types of lipoproteins transport cholesterol:

  • Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): Often called "bad" cholesterol, LDL can build up fatty deposits in your arteries, restricting blood flow and increasing the risk of heart attacks or strokes.
  • High-density lipoprotein (HDL): Known as "good" cholesterol, HDL helps remove excess cholesterol from your bloodstream and transports it back to the liver for disposal.

    In addition to LDL and HDL, triglycerides significantly affect your overall cholesterol health. Triglycerides are a type of fat used for energy, but elevated levels combined with high LDL or low HDL can further increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

    While high cholesterol can be inherited, it is often caused by unhealthy lifestyle choices, making it both preventable and treatable. Eating a balanced diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and, if necessary, taking medication can help lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease.

    By managing cholesterol levels, particularly reducing LDL and maintaining healthy HDL levels, you can significantly lower your chances of developing life-threatening conditions like heart attacks or strokes.

What is high cholesterol?

    High cholesterol, also known as hyperlipidaemia or hypercholesterolemia, occurs when excessive lipids (fats) are present in the blood. While the body requires a certain amount of lipids to function properly, having too many can lead to serious health issues. When the body can't use all the excess lipids, they accumulate in the arteries, combining with other substances in the blood to form plaque.

    This plaque builds up gradually over time, often without causing noticeable symptoms. However, as it continues to grow, it silently narrows and hardens your arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, or other complications. The danger of untreated high cholesterol lies in its hidden progression, as you may not be aware of the condition until it has caused significant damage.

    The only way to detect high cholesterol is through a blood test, known as a lipid panel, which measures the levels of lipids circulating in your blood. What constitutes high cholesterol varies depending on age, sex, and personal or family history of heart disease, making regular screening essential for maintaining heart health.

What are the symptoms of high cholesterol?

    High cholesterol is often called a "silent" condition because it usually doesn't present any symptoms, making it difficult to detect without testing. Most people with high cholesterol won't experience any obvious signs, even if they maintain an active lifestyle. However, if left untreated, high cholesterol can lead to serious health risks, such as heart attack and stroke.

    Some signs may become apparent in rare cases of extremely high cholesterol levels. These include fatty deposits known as xanthomas, which can appear as yellowish bumps on the skin, particularly on the elbows, knees, joints, hands, or buttocks. Another possible sign is a greyish-white ring (corneal arcus) around the cornea in the eyes. These symptoms are more common in people with familial hypercholesterolemia, a genetic condition that causes very high cholesterol.

    Regular cholesterol checks are essential since high cholesterol can progress without noticeable symptoms. Early detection through a blood test allows you to take steps to manage your cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke. Talk to our healthcare providers to assess your risk and explore lifestyle changes or treatments that can help maintain healthy cholesterol levels.

What are the causes and Risk factors of high cholesterol?

    High cholesterol, also known as hyperlipidaemia or hypercholesterolemia, can be influenced by lifestyle factors and genetics. Understanding these contributors can help you manage your cholesterol levels effectively.

    Lifestyle Factors That Contribute to High Cholesterol:

    1. Smoking and Tobacco Use: Smoking decreases "good cholesterol" (HDL) while increasing "bad cholesterol" (LDL), leading to higher overall cholesterol levels.

    2. Stress: Chronic stress can trigger hormonal changes that cause the body to produce more cholesterol.

    3. Alcohol Consumption: Excessive alcohol intake can elevate total cholesterol levels.

    4. Physical Inactivity: Regular aerobic exercise can help improve cholesterol numbers. A sedentary lifestyle, especially for those with desk jobs, can lead to lower HDL levels.

    5. Diet: Certain foods can either raise or lower cholesterol levels. A diet high in saturated and trans fats, found in red meats, full-fat dairy, fast foods, and some sweets, can increase LDL cholesterol.

    Genetic Factors:

    1. Family History: If you have a family history of high cholesterol, you may be more predisposed to developing it yourself due to inherited genetic factors.

    2. Age: Cholesterol levels often rise as the body's ability to clear cholesterol decreases over time.

    3. Sex: Biological males are generally more prone to high cholesterol, and women may experience elevated LDL levels after menopause.

    4. Inherited Conditions: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an inherited disorder that can cause high cholesterol levels, regardless of other risk factors.

    Health Conditions That Influence Cholesterol:

    Certain medical conditions can also impact cholesterol levels:

    1. Diabetes: Individuals with type 2 diabetes often face a greater risk of high cholesterol.

    2. Kidney Disease: Impaired kidney function can affect managing cholesterol.

    3. Liver Disease: The liver plays a crucial role in producing and clearing cholesterol so that any dysfunction can elevate cholesterol levels.

    4. Hypothyroidism: An underactive thyroid can lead to increased cholesterol production.

    5. Growth Hormone Deficiency: Insufficient growth hormone levels can contribute to high cholesterol.

What are the complications of high cholesterol?

    High cholesterol can lead to serious health complications, especially when left untreated. Since cholesterol buildup often occurs silently over time, it can eventually lead to life-threatening conditions. Here are some critical complications associated with high cholesterol:

    1. Atherosclerosis:

    High cholesterol can cause a buildup of fatty deposits, or plaque, in your arteries. This narrows the arteries and restricts blood flow, leading to atherosclerosis, the primary cause of cardiovascular problems.

    When plaque builds up in the arteries that supply blood to your heart, it can reduce or block the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the heart. This increases the risk of angina (chest pain), heart attack, and even heart failure.

    3. Stroke:

    Plaque buildup can also occur in the arteries supplying blood to the brain. If a piece of plaque ruptures or a blood clot forms, it can block the blood flow to a portion of the brain, causing a stroke. A stroke can lead to permanent brain damage, disability, or death.

    4. Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD):

    High cholesterol can affect the arteries in your legs and arms, reducing blood flow to those areas. This can cause pain, numbness, and increased risk of infection, and in severe cases, can lead to gangrene or the need for amputation.

    5. High Blood Pressure (Hypertension):

    As arteries harden and narrow due to cholesterol plaque, the heart has to work harder to pump blood through them, leading to high blood pressure. Chronic high blood pressure further increases the risk of heart attack, stroke, and kidney disease.

    6. Heart Attack:

    When a coronary artery becomes completely blocked due to a blood clot formed from a ruptured plaque, it can result in a heart attack. Without timely intervention, heart attacks can cause significant damage to the heart muscle or lead to death.

    7. Chronic Kidney Disease:

    Cholesterol deposits can block or narrow the arteries that supply blood to the kidneys, potentially leading to kidney damage over time.

    8. Type 2 Diabetes Complications:

    People with high cholesterol and diabetes are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease due to compounded effects on blood vessels, leading to a higher risk of heart attacks, stroke, and PAD.

How to lower high cholesterol?

    Your doctor may develop a tailored plan, incorporating lifestyle changes and medication, to help reduce cholesterol levels and lower the risk of heart complications.

    Your healthcare provider may discuss two types of prevention to protect against heart conditions related to high cholesterol:

    1. Primary Prevention focuses on lifestyle modifications—such as improving diet and increasing physical activity—to reduce the risk of developing heart conditions, sometimes with medications like statins.

    2. Secondary Prevention applies to those already diagnosed with a heart condition and involves ongoing lifestyle adjustments, in addition to medications, to prevent further events like heart attacks or strokes.

    Other Medications for Cholesterol Control

    If cholesterol levels remain high despite lifestyle changes and initial medications, additional medications may be considered. Even if cholesterol is controlled, these medications may support long-term heart health.

    Managing High Cholesterol

    There are multiple strategies to help lower cholesterol:

  • Increasing physical activity also improves energy levels and sleep quality.
  • Reducing alcohol intake and quitting smoking.
  • Enjoying heart-healthy foods and recipes that support overall cardiovascular health.

    Medication may be necessary if lifestyle adjustments alone do not achieve target cholesterol levels. Typically, your doctor will monitor your cholesterol with annual blood tests, adjusting treatments as required. Statins are the primary cholesterol-reduction medication, though other options are available. In some instances, your doctor may refer you to a lipid specialist.

    Take control of your heart health today! High cholesterol often goes unnoticed, but if left unmanaged, it can lead to severe complications. Regular cholesterol testing—especially for those over 20—helps you stay on top of your levels and tackle any risks early. Consult with our healthcare providers to create a plan that includes lifestyle choices like regular exercise, a balanced diet, and avoiding smoking. Start your journey to healthier cholesterol and a healthier you—schedule your cholesterol check now!

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