Typhoid fever
What is typhoid fever?
Typhoid fever is a highly contagious bacterial infection caused by Salmonella Typhi, related to the bacteria responsible for salmonella food poisoning. This infection can spread throughout the body, affecting many organs and leading to severe complications or even death if not treated promptly.
An infected person can excrete the bacteria in their faeces and, less commonly, in their urine. If someone consumes food or water contaminated with a small amount of these excretions, they can contract typhoid fever. The bacteria primarily infect the small intestines, causing high fever, stomach pain, and other symptoms. Typhoid or enteric fever requires immediate medical attention to prevent severe outcomes.
Causes of typhoid fever
Typhoid is caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi (S. typhi). It spreads through food, drinks, and water contaminated with infected faecal matter. Washing fruits and vegetables with contaminated water can also spread the bacteria.
Some individuals may carry the typhoid bacteria without showing any symptoms. In contrast, others may continue to harbour the bacteria even after their symptoms have subsided, leading to the possibility of the disease reappearing.
Those who test positive for typhoid may be restricted from working with children or older adults until medical tests confirm they are no longer carriers.
Symptoms of typhoid fever
Symptoms of typhoid fever usually start 1 to 3 weeks after exposure to the bacteria. The primary symptoms are a high fever, which gradually rises to around 104ºF over several days, and a rash of rose-coloured spots, often appearing on the neck and abdomen. However, not everyone will develop this rash.
- Diarrhoea
- Loss of appetite
- Bloating
- Nausea
- Weakness
- Abdominal pain
- Constipation
- Headaches
Additional symptoms may include:
What are the different stages of the typhoid fever?
Typhoid fever symptoms can develop gradually through four stages. Early treatment with antibiotics can prevent progression to the later stages.
- Stage 1: Symptoms can start 5 to 14 days after exposure to S. Typhi. The initial symptom is a fever that rises stepwise over a few days. During this stage, the bacteria are entering your bloodstream.
- Stage 2: By the second week, the bacteria multiply in the Peyer's patches, which are part of your immune system. You may experience abdominal pain, diarrhoea, or constipation, and possibly "rose spots," small pink dots on your skin resembling a rash.
- Stage 3: Without antibiotic treatment, the bacteria can cause severe damage around the third week. Serious complications may include internal bleeding and encephalitis (inflammation of the brain).
- Stage 4: In this stage, most people begin to recover, and the high fever decreases. However, S. Typhi can remain in the gallbladder without causing symptoms, making you potentially contagious even after you feel better.
When to see a doctor
If you suspect you have typhoid fever, seek medical attention immediately.
If you become ill while traveling abroad, know whom to contact for a list of healthcare providers, such as the nearest embassy or consulate.
Upon returning home with symptoms, consider consulting a specialist in international travel medicine or infectious diseases to ensure a swift diagnosis and treatment for typhoid fever.
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