Hydrocele

Communicating Hydrocele:

A communicating hydrocele maintains a connection (communication) with the fluids in the abdominal cavity. The abdominal cavity houses various organs such as the stomach, intestines, liver, kidneys, etc. Communicating hydroceles typically develops during foetal growth.

During foetal development, a thin membrane known as the processus vaginalis forms between specific tissues in the foetus’s abdominal lining (inguinal canal) and the scrotum. This membrane allows the descent of the testicles from the abdomen into the scrotum. Typically, tissue forms to seal this opening (communication). However, if the sealing process doesn't occur, fluids from the abdominal cavity may flow into the scrotum, resulting in a hydrocele or hernia.

In individuals with a communicating hydrocele, the scrotum may appear enlarged or swollen, and its size may fluctuate throughout the day.

Noncommunicating Hydrocele:

In a noncommunicating hydrocele, the processus vaginalis closes appropriately. Nonetheless, some excess abdominal fluid may still be around the testicle within the scrotum. Noncommunicating hydroceles may be present at birth or develop later in life for unclear reasons.

The size usually remains stable or grows slowly in individuals with a noncommunicating hydrocele.

What causes a hydrocele?

The cause of a hydrocele varies depending on the individual's age.

In Babies:

During pregnancy, as a male foetus develops, the testicles initially form near the kidneys within the abdomen. Towards the end of a full-term pregnancy, they naturally descend to their typical position within the scrotum.

For the testicles to descend correctly, a muscle lining in the scrotum, known as the inguinal ring, opens up, forming a canal or sac.

If the inguinal ring fails to close or reopens after the testicles have descended, fluid may pass from the abdomen to the scrotum through this canal, resulting in a hydrocele.

Sometimes, babies are born before their testicles descend fully, which can increase the likelihood of developing a hydrocele.

In Adults:

In older males, the persistence of an open or reopened inguinal ring can lead to the formation of a communicating hydrocele.

Hydroceles in adult males may also stem from various other causes, such as:

1. Injury

2. Inflammation

3. Infection

While a hydrocele typically isn't painful, it can cause a sensation of discomfort or heaviness in the scrotum.

Generally, a hydrocele is not considered dangerous and does not impact fertility. However, in rare cases, it may be associated with an underlying testicular condition, such as an infection, tumour, or inguinal hernia.

Individuals are advised to consult a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis to rule out any other potential conditions.

What are the risk factors of a hydrocele?

The majority of hydroceles are congenital, meaning they are present at birth. Approximately 5% of male newborns have a hydrocele. Premature infants born more than three weeks before their due dates are at increased risk of developing a hydrocele.

Factors that increase the risk of acquiring a hydrocele later in life include:

1. Injury or inflammation within the scrotum.

2. Infections, including sexually transmitted diseases.

What are the symptoms of a hydrocele?

The primary symptom of a hydrocele is the presence of swelling on one or both sides of the scrotum, often likened to the sensation of a water balloon. Additional symptoms that may be experienced in the scrotum include:

1. Fluctuating swelling size throughout the day.

2. Discomfort.

3. Pain.

4. A sense of heaviness.

What are the complications of a hydrocele?

A hydrocele is typically not considered dangerous and generally does not impact fertility. However, it may be associated with underlying health issues that pose serious risks. These potential complications include:

1. Infection or tumour: These conditions may affect the testicles' function, potentially reducing sperm production or impairing normal function.

2. Inguinal hernia: This complication can lead to severe health complications, potentially posing life-threatening risks.

When to see a doctor

If you or your child experiences scrotal swelling, it's essential to consult a healthcare provider to determine potential underlying causes that may require treatment. Scrotal swelling, such as a hydrocele, could be associated with conditions like an inguinal hernia, where a weakened abdominal muscle allows part of the intestine to protrude into the scrotum.

In infants, hydroceles often resolve spontaneously. However, if the hydrocele persists beyond a year or if the swelling worsens, it's advisable to have the child evaluated by a healthcare provider.

Seek immediate medical attention if sudden, severe pain or swelling occurs in the scrotum, particularly if it follows an injury. These symptoms could indicate severe conditions like testicular torsion, where the blood flow to the testicle is compromised. Testicular torsion requires urgent treatment within hours to preserve the affected testicle.